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Applications of Titanium, Zirconium, Tantalum – Details which reactive metals works the best at protection when dealing with extremely corrosive materials. This selection is important when terms of cost-effectiveness and life expectancy of your process equipment.

These tables show the corrosion resistance of metals (Tantalum, Niobium, Zirconium, Titanium, Alloys, Monel, Inconel and 316 SS) in various chemical media, including the level of concentration and temperature of the chemical.

Information on TITAN’s product offerings for the steel industry for HCL pickling applications, including custom-designed Serpentine, Grid and U-Shaped Coils and Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers.

Explains the development and features of Overhead Condensers used for Pharmaceutical applications and why Tantalum is the preferred reactive metal used for construction.

Tantalum is the most corrosion resistant metal in common use today. This document details the wide range of applications Titanium can be used for and what corrosive materials it can be used for protection against.

TITAN Metal Fabricators’ corporate brochure details our extensive design and manufacturing capabilities in North America and Asia for the chemical, petrochemical, oil & gas, liquefied natural gas and pharmaceutical industries.

AL-6XN Alloy was originally designed for seawater service, however, it’s corrosion resistance is suitable for many more applications. This report provide laboratory test results from Rolled Alloys of AL-6XN’s behavior within Chloride environments.

This report offers extensive research from TIMET, Titanium Metals Corporation, on the corrosive resistant properties of Titanium in specific environments with the effects of temperature and time.

This file has information on the alloy characteristics of HASTELLOY and the comparative resistance of HASTELLOY to various corrosive materials in specific conditions dependent on concentration and temperature.

These tables show the corrosion resistance of metals (Tantalum, Niobium, Zirconium, Titanium, Alloys, Monel, Inconel and 316 SS) in various chemical media, including the level of concentration and temperature of the chemical.

Chart shows the varying chemical reaction of Sulfuric Acid against the reactive metals.

Under sufficiently aggressive conditions, Tantalum can be susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. This report discusses some conditions where embrittlement has been observed or encountered and proposes methods for minimization or elimination.

Guide to selecting the type of metal to use for fabricating depending on the acidic conditions present.

Extensive guide that describes the different alloys used by TITAN in fabrication, maximum allowable design stresses for ASME boiler and pressure vessel code, corrosion resistance under specific environments, and suggests weld fillers for metal joints

This is a useful testing log and guide to corrosion testing of an alloy in different test environments.

Instructions on how to conduct corrosion coupon testing. This aids in the selection of materials of construction for equipment and piping and allows you to test potential materials in your corrosive media under actual process conditions.

Article excerpt where Steve Sparkowich, Corrosion Lab Manager at ATI Wah Chang, discusses the advantages of Zirconium over other metals and reports on the successful use of Zirconium Heat Exchangers in acid recovery systems.

Table shows the corrosion resistance of Zirconium in various corrosive media, including the level of concentration and temperature of the chemical.

This paper describes the corrosion resistance of Zirconium in a three general sulfuric acid application areas and will show why Zirconium was a material of choice for use in these applications. This paper also describes the factors (alloy composition, impurities, heat treatment, stress, acid concentration, temperature) that could affect the corrosion resistance of zirconium. A method for heat treatment of zirconium for improved corrosion resistance in elevated concentrations and temperatures will also be discussed. This paper also describes a new low tin Zirconium alloy that was developed for improved corrosion resistance in the higher sulfuric acid concentrations and higher temperatures.

Zirconium can be the best alternative for material selection in many organic applications. This data sheet details  the corrosive resistant properties of Zirconium in specific organic environments with the effects of temperature and concentration.

Technical data sheet detailing the advantages of Zirconium over other materials for use in sulfuric acid pickling applications. Includes information on operating limitations and safety concerns.

Technical data sheet detailing the advantages of Zirconium over other materials for use in chemical and pharmaceutical applications using sulfuric acid. Includes information on corrosion rate and resistance compared to other alloys.

Study defines the upper limits of temperature and acid concentration for effective use of Zirconium 702 in processes using sulfuric acid.

Inquiry: May unalloyed and palladium and ruthenium enhanced titanium conforming to the requirements of Grades 2, 7, 16, or 26 (UNS R50400, R52400, R52402, and R52404) except with a minimum UTS of 58 ksi be used in Section VIII, Division 1 construction with design allowable stresses adjusted for the higher minimum specified UTS?

Brochure published by TIMET summarizes the corrosion resistant data with regard to Titanium accumulated in over 40 years of laboratory testing and application experience.

Published by RMI Titanium Company, brochure discusses attractive mechanical properties of Titanium; its corrosive resistance to a large range of harsh chemical environments; various methods of machining different grades of Titanium, and different processes used for welding Titanium.

TITAN produced brochure on the different industrial applications of Titanium and its corrosion resistance against chlorine chemicals, fresh & sea water, nitric acids, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and organic Properties of acids.

Published by ATI, technical data sheet on Titanium details information on Titanium grades; sizes & tolerances; typical applications of Titanium, and mechanical & physical properties of Titanium.

During the past three decades, Tantalum and High Nickel Alloy Shell and Tube Condensers have emerged as a versatile alternative to carbon block heat exchangers offering superior corrosion resistance that are commonly used by the world’s leading pharmaceutical manufacturers and pharmaceutical engineering companies. This white paper discusses all the advantages of fabricating with the reactive metals.

Cabot Corporation recommendation letter of TITAN Metal Fabricators, Inc. to anyone considering the use of Tantalum or Niobium equipment.

This paper summarizes the selection of material for heat exchangers for a recently constructed Pharmaceutical plant used for synthesizing the active organic chemicals in development Pharmaceutical products.

Chart comparison of Tantalum Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers to Graphite Heat Exchangers for Steel Pickling Applications.

Certification letter stating TITAN Metal Fabricators does not purchase any materials that are known to come from conflict sources.

H. C. Starck, Inc. recommendation letter of TITAN Metal Fabricators, Inc. to anyone considering the use of Tantalum or Niobium equipment.

Under sufficiently aggressive conditions, Tantalum can be susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. This document cites conditions where such embrittlement has been observed or encountered. Methods that have been proposed for minimizing or eliminating hydrogen embrittlement of Tantalum are described.

This article defines Tantalum and Niobium and describes how these refractory metals can be used in corrosion- resistant applications when designing equipment for the pharmaceutical industry.

TITAN produced brochure on the different industrial applications of Tantalum and its corrosion resistance against bromine, chlorine, HCL, nitric acids and sulfuric acid.

Tantalum materials have been used in the Chemical Processing Industry (CPI) for over 60 years and continue to be important materials of construction. This H C Starck paper will discuss Tantalum and Ta-2.5W alloy applications that have evolved over the past century to current day applications.

The purpose of this document is to explain the reason for the drastic increase in the price and delivery of Tantalum in late 2010 / 2011.

Document detailing the design and purpose of  TITAN’s fully welded flush face tubesheet design.

The steel industry has traditionally used PTFE immersion coils, direct steam spargers and carbon block heat exchangers to heat its pickle baths. Continuous maintenance and the elimination of deep welling of its spent HCL pickle liquor due to its environmental impact has forced the steel industry to look for alternative ways to heat their pickle baths. The use of Tantalum immersion coils and Tantalum shell and tube heat exchangers has proved itself to eliminate all of the potential problems with corrosion for the steel industry.

Basic example of a fully drainable tubesheet design used on hastelloy heat exchangers for the pharmaceutical industry.

Many fluid process designs require tubular products for use as piping and In various heat exchanger systems. When aggressive process streams are involved, corrosion-resistant alloys (e.g. nickel-base alloys) are selected. Since weldments are usually the most vulnerable to corrosive attack,  seamless tubing is often considered; however, cost considerations steer the designers to the selection of welded tubing that has been cold worked and annealed. This paper details the two different types.

Comprehensive booklet produced by Haynes International detailing chemical compositions, properties profiles and alloy characteristics of Hastelloy.

Comprehensive booklet produced by Haynes International detailing principle features, properties and corrosion resistance of Hastelloy B-3.

Comprehensive booklet produced by Haynes International detailing principle features, properties and corrosion resistance of Hastelloy C-22.

Comprehensive booklet produced by Haynes International detailing principle features, properties and corrosion resistance of Hastelloy C-276.

Comprehensive booklet produced by Haynes International detailing principle features, properties and corrosion resistance of Hastelloy C-2000.

This brochure is a general guide to the fabrication of the following corrosion-resistant alloys produced by Haynes International, Inc. – Hastelloy B-3 alloy, Hastelloy C-4 alloy, Hastelloy C-22 alloy, Hastelloy C-2000 alloy, Hastelloy C-276 alloy, Hastelloy G-30 and Hastelloy N alloy. It is not meant to be an instruction manual.

Comprehensive booklet produced by Haynes International detailing principle features, properties and corrosion resistance of Hastelloy G-30.

Comprehensive booklet produced by Haynes International detailing principle features, properties and corrosion resistance of Hastelloy G-35.

Excerpt out of “Pittsburgh Engineer” magazine recounting the history of Haynes International since it was formed back in December 1912.

Datasheet produced by Haynes International detailing corrosion resistance and available forms and sizes of Hastelloy Hybrid-BC1.

Datasheet by Haynes International detailing multiple specifications of the Corrosion-Resistant Alloys they produce.

Haynes International recommendation letter of TITAN Metal Fabricators, Inc. to anyone considering the use of Hastelloy equipment.

Technical datasheet produced by ATI detailing the general, mechanical, impact and corrosion properties of Duplex ATI 2205 including information on fabrication, welding, heat treatment and forming.

Brochure published by IMA detailing the principle features, properties and corrosion resistance of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel for pharmaceutical and biotechnology applications.

Brochure published by Rolled Alloys detailing the principle features, properties and corrosion resistance of ATI produced AL-6XN Alloy.

Abstract published by Rolled Alloys on laboratory corrosion testing done by ATI on AL-6XN alloy in various chloride environments.

Brochure produced by Rolled Alloys detailing the general properties and corrosion resistance of corrosion-resistant alloys including suggested fillers and machining.

Technical datasheet produced by Outokumpu detailing the general, mechanical, impact and corrosion properties of Duplex Stainless Steel including information on fabrication, welding, heat treatment and forming.

Handbook produced by IMOA presents practical information for the successful fabrication of duplex stainless steels, comparing the properties and fabrication practices of duplex stainless steel to those of the 300-series austenitic stainless steels and to carbon steel.

Technical sheet published by Outokumpu with detailed instructions on how to weld 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel, including guidelines on hot forming, heat treatment and machining.

Published by Outokumpu, this paper will give typical field experiences on the differences between welding austenitic and duplex stainless steels.

Rolled Alloys produced datasheet on physical and mechanical properties of Zeron 100 as well as its specifications, chemical composition, applications and features.

Guidelines produced by Rolled Alloys on the preparation, typical joint configurations, procedure and post-weld cleaning for welding Zeron 1000.

ATI Wah Chang recommendation letter of TITAN Metal Fabricators, Inc. to anyone considering the use of Zirconium equipment.

Information on the different types of heat treatment available of Zirconium equipment depending on what environmental conditions the equipment will be exposed to in service – Stress relief, Oxide Thickening and Full Anneal Heat Treatment.

One of the most important steps in the mechanical design process is determining the method of attachment for the tube-to-tubesheet joint. Many of the problems which have been experienced with Zirconium shell and tube heat exchangers could have been avoided by giving more attention to the selection and design of the tube-to-tubesheet joint. This paper published by B J Sanders details the many choices available for joining tube to tubesheet and how to select the best for your project.

Published article where Steve Sparkowich, Corrosion Laboratory Manager at ATI Wah Chang, discusses the advantages of Zirconium over other metals and reports on the successful use of Zirconium heat exchangers in acid recovery systems.

Technical datasheet published by ATI Wah Chang on the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of Zirconium alloys Zircadyne 702 and 705 as well as data on corrosion resistance and allowable stress values.

TITAN produced brochure on the different industrial applications of Zirconium and its corrosion resistance against nitric acid, formic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid and melamine.

Technical data sheet published by ATI Wah Chang on the corrosion data for Zircadyne Zirconium against a variety of corrosive media.

White paper published by Richard Sutherlin, Wah Chang, describes the corrosion resistance of Zirconium in a three
general sulfuric acid application areas and will show why Zirconium was a material of choice for use in these applications; the factors (alloy composition, impurities, heat treatment, stress, acid concentration, temperature) that could affect the corrosion resistance of Zirconium; a method for heat treatment of Zirconium for improved corrosion resistance in elevated concentrations and temperatures is also discussed, and a new low tin Zirconium alloy that was developed for improved corrosion resistance in the higher sulfuric acid concentrations and higher temperatures.

Technical data sheet detailing the advantages of Zirconium over other materials for use in hydrochloric acid in chemical processing industry. Includes information on operating limitations and safety concerns.

Technical data sheet detailing the advantages of Zirconium for use in organic media. Longer equipment life, reduced maintenance downtime, and higher purity product streams are all possible with the proper application of zirconium, making it the most cost-effective option when compared with other alloys.

Technical data sheet details the advantages of Zirconium over other materials for use in sulfuric acid applications. If properly applied, an equipment life of over 20 years is expected.

Technical data sheet published by ATI Wah Chang that discusses the unique physical properties and superior corrosion resistance of Zirconium in the sulfuric acid conditions associated to pickling steel.

White paper published by Derrill Holmes of ATI Wah Chang that defines the upper limits of temperature and acid concentration for effective use of Zirconium 702 in processes using sulfuric acid. Standard immersion tests including autoclave tests were used to demonstrate the differences in corrosion behavior of typical Zirconium 702 (R60702) containing approximately 2400 ppm Tin, and low-Tin Zirconium 702 containing approximately 1400 ppm Tin.

Excerpt provides ASME rules of basis for establishing weld sizes and allowable joint loads for full strength and partial strength tube-to-tubesheet welds.

Chart published by TITAN listing physical properties of various corrosive chemicals in water solutions, organic liquids and gases.

Inspectors responsible for maintenance of heat exchangers are faced with the question on selection of the appropriate NDT technique.  Following data compares the performance of Eddy Current Testing (ECT) and Ultrasonic IRIS for inspection of heat exchanger tubes. This information was obtained from the report published by the Materials Technology Institute of Chemical Industries, MTI Project 123, St. Louis, 1999 (1). The report presents the capabilities of evaluated NDT techniques for tubing inspections. The data was taken using realistic, well characterized mock-ups.

Short movie produced by DMC Clad Metal that explains the explosion clad process.

Manual published by Flexitallic offers the engineer and end user assistance in meeting the goal of providing fundamentally sound static sealing practice. Developed and collated by Flexitallic’s worldwide team of engineers, this publication is the “engineer’s handbook” of static seals technology. In this document, Flexitallic discusses gasket selection, gasket design and gasket installation.

This manual published by IMOA is for fabricators and for end users with fabrication responsibility. It presents practical information for the successful fabrication of duplex stainless steels. It provides data comparing the properties and fabrication practices of duplex stainless steels to those of the 300-series austenitic stainless steels and to carbon steel.

Heat Exchanger Spec Form Datasheet

Corrosion coupon testing is used extensively to aid in the selection of materials of construction for equipment and piping Wah Chang corrosion coupons enable you to test their materials in the desired corrosive media under actual process conditions.

Design drawings for Posco Tantalum Pickling Heat Exchangers

Quick Reference Guide of standard specifications, formulas and “Rules of Thumb” used in the Metal Finishing Industry for Titanium Immersion Coils. Contact TITAN for more detailed thermal evaluation. These formulas cannot be used in all circumstances.

Quick Reference Guide of standard specifications, formulas and “Rules of Thumb” used in the Metal Finishing Industry for Titanium Anode Baskets, Titanium Anode Hooks and Titanium Anodes. Contact TITAN for custom designs.

ATI Wah Chang recommendation letter of TITAN Metal Fabricators, Inc. to anyone considering the use of Zirconium equipment.

Cabot Corporation recommendation letter of TITAN Metal Fabricators, Inc. to anyone considering the use of Tantalum or Niobium equipment.

Reference list of TITAN Tantalum fabrication customers

H. C. Starck Inc recommendation letter of TITAN Metal Fabricators, Inc. to anyone considering the use of Tantalum or Niobium equipment.

Haynes International recommendation letter of TITAN Metal Fabricators, Inc. to anyone considering the use of Hastelloy equipment.

General reference list of TITAN customers